Positron Emission Tomography (PET) for Oncologic Applications
DESCRIPTION
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans are based on the use of positron emitting radionuclide tracers coupled to organic molecules such as glucose, ammonia, or water. The radionuclide tracers simultaneously emit 2 high-energy photons in opposite directions that can be simultaneously detected by a PET scanner. The PET scanner consists of multiple detectors that encircle the area of interest. A variety of tracers are used for PET scanning including oxygen-15, nitrogen-13, carbon-11, and fluorine-18. The most commonly used radiotracer in oncology imaging is fluorine-18 coupled with fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). FDG has a metabolism related to glucose metabolism. It has been considered potentially useful in cancer imaging, since tumor cells show increased metabolism of glucose.
POLICY
Positron emission tomography scans for oncological applications listed below are considered medically necessary if the medical appropriateness criteria are met. (Click on the underlined word below to be taken directly to the corresponding Medical Appropriateness.)
NOTE: PET scans should only be performed once per 12 months, unless the procedure is proven to be medically necessary with supporting documentation. This recommendation is similar to current Medicare guidelines.
Positron emission tomography scans for oncological applications including, but not limited to, the following are considered investigational:
Bladder
Kidney
Ovarian
Parathyroid
Prostate
Soft Tissue Sarcoma (including GIST)
See Medical Appropriateness section for not medically necessary statements.
See also: PET for Miscellaneous Applications
MEDICAL APPROPRIATENESS
Any radiopharmaceutical utilized for this procedure must have FDA approval or have been determined by the FDA to be safe and effective.
PET is considered medically appropriate when used to differentiate between treatment-induced tumor necrosis and tumor recurrence when the results may potentially alter treatment management.
- Sources
PET is considered medically appropriate for any of the following indications:
Detection of primary lesions; or
Detection of bone metastasis; or
Staging of axillary lymph nodes; or
To rule out metastasis in newly diagnosed, early-stage breast cancer when any of the following criteria are met:
Primary tumor greater than 5cm in diameter; or
Presence of axillary lymphadenopathy on physical examination; or
Indication of metastatic disease by documentation of symptoms and / or findings on physical examination.
- Sources
PET is considered medically appropriate for any of the following indications:
During workup; or
During staging when the para-aortic lymph node is positive by surgical staging; or
With selective bulky stage IB2, IIA, IIB, IIIA, IIIB, IV with positive adenopathy by CT, MRI and/or PET; or
If FNA is clinically indicated; or
If invasive cancer is found at simple hysterectomy stage IA2; or
During surveillance workup if there is persistent or recurrent disease.
- Sources
PET is considered medically appropriate when all of the following are met:
Suspicion of recurrent colorectal cancer, hepatic or extrahepatic metastases, indicated by rising CEA levels; or other diagnostic tests are normal or equivocal; and
Results may potentially alter treatment management (e.g., deciding whether surgical intervention is warranted).
- Sources
PET is considered medically appropriate when there is no evidence of distant metastatic disease for staging prior to surgery to assess resectability with endoscopic ultrasound.
- Sources
PET is considered medically appropriate for any of the following indications:
Identification of an unknown primary tumor suspected to be head and neck cancer; or
Initial staging of cervical lymph node metastases of head and neck cancer; or
Detection of residual or recurrent head and neck cancer.
- Sources
PET is considered medically appropriate when all of the following apply:
Suspicion of recurrent colorectal cancer, hepatic or extrahepatic metastases, indicated by rising CEA levels; or other diagnostic tests are normal or equivocal; and
Results may potentially alter treatment management (e.g., deciding whether surgical intervention is warranted).
- Sources
FDG PET is considered medically appropriate for any of the following indications:
Imaging of a solitary pulmonary nodule when chest x-ray and computed tomography have failed to distinguish benign from malignant disease, and the test results may alter treatment management; or
Staging of known lung cancer.
FDG PET is considered not medically necessary for long-term surveillance following curative-intent therapy for lung cancer.
- Sources
Lymphoma / Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
FDG PET is considered medically appropriate for any of the following indications:
Initial staging; or
Differentiating benign from malignant disease; or
Follow-up after treatment for lymphoma, when results may potentially alter treatment management.
- Sources
FDG PET is considered medically appropriate for any the following indications only when the results may potentially alter treatment management:
Detection of extranodal metastasis at initial staging; or
Detection of extranodal metastasis following treatment.
- Sources
PET is considered medically appropriate for any of the following indications:
If there is a single site of the disease and the individual is considering local or regional treatment; or
After a negative workup for occult primary tumor; or
To rule out or detect additional sites of disease.
FDG PET is considered not medically necessary if used instead of or as part of the initial workup for OPT, or for individuals with multiple sites of metastases.
- Sources
FDG PET is considered medically appropriate for the evaluation of a suspicious pancreatic mass to distinguish between benign and malignant disease when all of the following apply:
Other diagnostic tests are normal or equivocal; and
Results may potentially alter treatment management (e.g., deciding whether surgical intervention is warranted).
FDG PET is considered not medically necessary for the staging of pancreatic cancer, unless the results may significantly alter treatment management.
- Sources
PET is considered medically appropriate after primary treatment with chemotherapy in stage IIB, IIC or III seminoma testicular cancer.
- Sources
PET is considered medically appropriate for detection of recurrent thyroid cancer or suspected metastasis, and / or differentiation between benign and malignant disease when all of the following apply:
Thyroglobulin (Tg) value and 131 Iodine whole body scan are non-diagnostic; and
Results may potentially alter treatment management (e.g., deciding whether surgical intervention is warranted).
- Sources
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Published literature is inadequate to permit conclusion regarding the utilization of positron emission tomography scans for oncological applications listed as investigational. Evidence is lacking that utilization of positron emission tomography scans for these oncological applications would improve health outcomes.
SOURCES (Listed in alphabetical order according to indication.)
SOURCES COMMON TO ALL INDICATIONS
BlueCross BlueShield Association, Medical Policy Reference Manual. (1:2007). Oncologic applications of PET scanning. (6.01.26). Retrieved April 16, 2007 from BlueWeb. (17 articles and/or guidelines reviewed)
Complete Guide to Medicare Coverage Issues [Computer software]. (2007, July). Positron emission tomography (PET) scans (Section NCD 220.6, p. 2-164 to 2-177). St. Anthony Publishing.
Complete Guide to Medicare Coverage Issues [Computer software]. (2007, July). FDG PET for all other cancer indications not previously specified (Section NCD 220.6.15, p. 2-179). St. Anthony Publishing.
Hayes Medical Technology Directory. (2002, May). Positron emission tomography (PET) for other malignancies. Retrieved June 1, 2005 from http://www.hayesinc.com/subscribers. (123 articles and/or guidelines reviewed)
Hayes Update Search. (2007, April). Positron emission tomography (PET) for other malignancies. Retrieved September 26, 2007 from http://www.hayesinc.com/subscribers. (120 articles and/or guidelines reviewed)
The Technology Evaluation Center. (1997, May). FDG positron emission tomography for non-CNS cancers (Vol. 12, No.3). Washington, DC: BlueCross BlueShield Association. (136 articles and/or guidelines reviewed)
U. S. Food and Drug Administration. (2000, December). Center for Devices and Radiological Health. 510 (K) Summary. Retrieved June 2, 2005 from http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/pdf/k003241.pdf.
U. S. Food and Drug Administration. (2004, March). Center for Devices and Radiological Health. Product label: Fludeoxyglucose F 18 Injection. Retrieved June 2, 2005 from http://www.fda.gov/cder/foi/label/2004/21768lbl.pdf/.
BLADDER CANCER
Bender, H., Schomberg, A., Albers, P., Ruhlmann, J., & Biersack, H. J. (1997). Possible role of FDG-PET in the evaluation of urologic malignancies. Anticancer Research, 17 (3B), 1655-1660. Abstract retrieved March 24, 2000 from MD Consult database.
Brush, J.P. (2001). Positron emission tomography in urological malignancy. Current Opinion in Urology, 11 (2), 175-179. Abstract retrieved March 24, 2000 from PubMed database.
Hain, S. F. (2005). Positron emission tomography in uro-oncology. Cancer Imaging, 17 (1), 1-7. Abstract retrieved March 1, 2007 from PubMed database.
Hofer, C., Kubler, H., Hartung, R., Breul, J., & Avril, N. (2001). Diagnosis and monitoring of urological tumors using positron emission tomography. European Urology, 40 (5), 481-487. Abstract retrieved March 24, 2000 from PubMed database.
Kamel, E. M., Jichlinski, P., Prior, J. O., Meuwly, J. Y., Delaloye, J. F., Vaucher, L., et al.(2006). Forced diuresis improves the diagnostic accuracy of 18-FGD PET in abdominopelvic malignancies. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 47 (11), 1803-1807. Abstract retrieved March 1, 2007 from PubMed database.
Kosuda, S., Kison, P. V., Greenough, R., Grossman, H. B., & Wahl, R. L., (1997). Preliminary assessment of fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in patients with bladder cancer. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 24 (6), 615-620. Abstract retrieved March 24, 2000 from MD Consult database.
Yoshida, S., Nakagomi, K., Goto, G., Futatsubashi, M., Torizuka, T. (2006). C-choline positron emission tomography in bladder cancer: report of four cases. International Journal of Urology, 13 (6), 829-831. Abstract retrieved March 1, 2007 from PubMed database.
BONE CANCER
Hayes Medical Technology Directory. (2002, January). Positron emission tomography (PET) for bone cancer. Retrieved September 13, 2007 from http://www.hayesinc.com/subscribers. (121 articles and/or guidelines reviewed)
Hayes Update Search. (2007, April). Positron emission tomography (PET) for bone cancer. Retrieved September 26, 2007 from http://www.hayesinc.com/subscribers. (46 articles and/or guidelines reviewed)
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. (2007, March). NCCN clinical practice guidelines in Oncology™: Bone cancer. Retrieved September 29, 2007 from http://www.nccn.org. (119 articles and/or guidelines reviewed)
Complete Guide to Medicare Coverage Issues [Computer Software}. (2007, July). PET for brain, cervical, ovarian, pancreatic, small cell lung, and testicular cancers (NDC 220.6.14, p. 2-178 - 2-179). St. Anthony Publishing.
Delbeke, D. (1999). Oncological applications of FDG PET imaging: brain tumors, colorectal cancer, lymphoma and melanoma. The Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 40 (4), 591-603.
ECRI Institute Health Technology Information Service. Windows on Medical Technology. (2002, July). Positron Imaging for differentiation of recurrent brain tumor from radionecrosis: Update. Retrieved September 25, 2007 from ECRI Institute. (71 articles and/or guidelines reviewed)
Mohan, K. K., Chugani, D. C., & Chugani, H.T. (1999). Positron emission tomography in pediatric neurology. Seminars in Pediatric Neurology, 6 (2), 111-119. Abstract retrieved March 22, 2000 from MD Consult database.
Wahl, R. L. (1998). Oncology: Progress in nuclear medicine imaging of cancers. Primary Care Clinics in Office Practice, 25 (2), 341-357.
Adler, L. P., Faulhaber, P. F., Schnur, K. C., Al-Kasi, N. L., & Shenk, R. R. (1997). Axillary lymph node metastases: Screening with [F-18] 2-deoxy-2- fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) PET. Radiology, 203 (2), 323-327. Abstract retrieved March 9, 2000 from MD Consult database.
Complete Guide to Medicare Coverage Issues [Computer Software}. (2007, July). PET for breast cancer (NDC 220.6.10, p. 2-176). St. Anthony Publishing.
ECRI Institute. Health Technology Assessment Information Service. Windows on Medical Technology. (2006). Positron emission tomography (PET) for the diagnosis and axillary lymph node staging of primary breast cancer. Retrieved February 27, 2007 from ECRI Institute. (143 articles and/or guidelines reviewed)
Hayes Medical Technology Directory. (2003, August). Positron emission tomography (PET) for breast cancer. Retrieved September 13, 2007 from http://www.hayesinc.com/subscribers. (148 articles and/or guidelines reviewed)
Hayes Update Search. (2006, December). Positron emission tomography (PET) for breast cancer. Retrieved September 26, 2007 from http://www.hayesinc.com/subscribers. (46 articles and/or guidelines reviewed)
Hoh, C. K., & Schiepers, C. (1999). 18-FDG imaging in breast cancer. Seminars in Nuclear Medicine, 29 (1), 49-56. Abstract retrieved March 9, 2000 from MD Consult database.
Moon, D. H., Maddahi, J., Silverman, D. H., Glaspy, J. A., Phelps, M. E., & Hoh, C. K. (1998). Accuracy of whole-body fluorine-18-FDG PET for the detection of recurrent or metastatic breast carcinoma. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 39 (3), 431-435. Abstract retrieved March 28, 2000 from MD Consult database.
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. (2007, March). NCCN clinical practice guidelines in Oncology™: Breast cancer. Retrieved September 29, 2007 from http://www.nccn.org. (247 articles and/or guidelines reviewed)
Rostom, A. Y., Powe, J., Kandil, A., Ezzat, A., Bakhett, S., el-Khwsky, F., et al. (1999). Positron emission tomography in breast cancer: A clinicopathological correlation of results. British Journal of Radiology, 72 (863), 1064-1068. Abstract retrieved March 28, 2000 from MD Consult database.
Schirrmeister, H., Guhlmann, A., Kotzerke, J., Santjohanser, C., Kuhn, T., Kreienberg, R., et al. (1999). Early detection and accurate description of extent of metastatic bone disease in breast cancer with fluoride ion and positron emission tomography. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 17 (8), 2381-2389. Abstract retrieved March 28, 2000 from MD Consult database.
Smith, I. C., Ogston, K. N., Whitford, P., Smith, F. W., Sharp, P., Norton, M., et al. (1998). Staging of the axilla in breast cancer: accurate in vivo assessment using positron emission tomography with 2-(fluorine-18)-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose. Annals of Surgery, 228 (2), 220-227.
Taillefer, R. (1999). The role of 99mTc-sestamibi and other conventional radiopharmaceuticals in breast cancer diagnosis. Seminars in Nuclear Medicine, 29 (1), 16-40. Abstract retrieved March 28, 2000 from MD Consult database.
The Technology Evaluation Center. (2003, November). FDG positron emission tomography for evaluating breast cancer (Vol. 18, No.14). Washington, DC: BlueCross BlueShield Association. (66 articles and/or guidelines reviewed)
Wahl, R. (1998). Progress in nuclear medicine imaging of cancers. Primary Care, 25 (2), 341-360. Abstract retrieved July 1, 2002 from PubMed database.
Yasuda, S., Kubota, M., Tajima, T., Umemura, S., Fujii, H., Takahashi, W., et al. (1999). A small breast cancer detected by PET. Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology, 29 (8), 387-389. Abstract retrieved March 28, 2000 from MD Consult database.
American College of Radiology. (2005). Invasive cancer of the cervix. Retrieved July 3, 2007 from http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=8305&nbr=004637&string=cancer+AND+cervix.
Complete Guide to Medicare Coverage Issues [Computer Software}. (2007, July). PET for cervical, ovarian, pancreatic, small cell lung and testicular cancer (NDC 220.6.14, p. 2-178 to 2-179). St. Anthony Publishing.
Loft, A., Berthelsen, A. K., Roed, H., Ottosen, C., Lundvall, L., Knudsen, J., et al. (2007), The diagnostic valus of PET/CT scanning in patients with cervical cancer: A prospective study. Gynecological Oncology, 106 (1), 29-34. Abstract retrieved July 3, 2007 from PubMed database.
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. (2007, March). NCCN clinical practice guidelines in Oncology™: Cervical cancer. Retrieved September 29, 2007 from http://www.nccn.org. (43 articles and/or guidelines reviewed)
Sakuragi, N. (2007). Up-to-date management of lymph node metastasis and the role of tailored lymphadenectomy in cervical cancer. International Journal of Clinical Oncology, 12 (3), 165-175. Abstract retrieved July 3, 2007 from PubMed database.
The Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness. In The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2007. Oxford: Update Software. Updated quarterly.
Complete Guide to Medicare Coverage Issues [Computer Software}. (2007, July). FDG PET for colorectal cancer (NDC 220.6.4, p. 2-172 to 2-173). St. Anthony Publishing.
Desch, C. E., Benson III, A. B., Smith, T. J., Flynn, P. J., Krause, C., Loprinzi, C. L., et al. (1999). Recommended colorectal cancer surveillance guidelines by the American society of clinical oncology. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 17 (4), 1312-1321.
Fong Y. (1999). Surgical therapy of hepatic colorectal metastasis. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 49, 231-255.
Fong, Y., Saldinger, P. F., Akhurst, T., Macapinlac, H., Yeung, H., Finn, R. D., et al. (1999). Utility of 18F-FDG positron emission tomography scanning on selection of patients for resection of hepatic colorectal metastases. American Journal of Surgery, 178 (4), 282-287. Abstract retrieved March 28, 2000 from MD Consult database.
Mukai, M., Sadahiro, S., Yasuda, S., Ishida, H., Tokunaga, N., Tajima, T., et al. (2000). Preoperative evaluation by whole-body 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in patients with primary colorectal cancer. Oncology Reports, 7 (1), 85-87. Abstract retrieved April 11, 2000 from PubMed database.
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. (2007, April). NCCN clinical practice guidelines in Oncology™: Colon cancer. Retrieved September 29, 2007 from http://www.nccn.org. (169 articles and/or guidelines reviewed)
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. (2007, September). NCCN clinical practice guidelines in Oncology™: Anal carcinoma. Retrieved September 29, 2007 from http://www.nccn.org. (52 articles and/or guidelines reviewed)
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. (2007, September). NCCN clinical practice guidelines in Oncology™: Rectal cancer. Retrieved September 29, 2007 from http://www.nccn.org. (193 articles and/or guidelines reviewed)
Takeuchi, O., Saito, N., Koda, K., Sarashina, H., & Nakajima, N.. (2000). Clinical assessment of positron emission tomography for the diagnosis of local recurrence in colorectal cancer. British Journal of Surgery, 86 (7), 932-937. Abstract retrieved April 11, 2000 from MD Consult database.
The Technology Evaluation Center. (2000. April). FDG positron emission tomography in colorectal cancer (Vol. 14, No.25). Washington, DC: BlueCross BlueShield Association.
Truant, S., Huglo, D., Hebbar, M., Ernst, O., Steining, M., & Pruvot, F. R. (2005). Prospective evaluation of the impact of [18F] fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography of resectable colorectal liver metastases. British Journal of Surgery, 92 (3), 362-369. Abstract retrieved April 17, 2007 from PubMed database.
Complete Guide to Medicare Coverage Issues [Computer Software}. (2007, July). FDG PET for esophageal cancer (NDC 220.6.3, p. 2-172). St. Anthony Publishing.
Couper, G. W., McAteer, D., Wallis, F., Norton, M., Welch, A., Nicolson, M., et al. (1998). Detection of response to chemotherapy using positron emission tomography in Patients with oesophageal and gastric cancer. British Journal of Surgery, 85 (10), 1403-1406. Abstract retrieved April 13, 2000 from MD Consult database.
Eramus, J. J., & Munden, R. F. (2007). The role of integrated computed tomography positron-emission tomography in esophageal cancer; staging and assessment of therapeutic response. Seminars in Radiation Oncology, 17 (1) 29-37. Abstract retrieved April 18, 2007 from PubMed database.
Fukunaga, T., Okazumi, S., Koide, Y., Isono, K., & Imazeki, K. (1998). Evaluation of esophageal cancers using fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose PET. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 39 (6), 1002-1007. Abstract retrieved April 13, 2000 from MD Consult database.
Kole, A. C., Plukke, J. T., Neiweg, O. E., & Vaalburg, W. (1998). Positron emission tomography for staging of oesophageal and gastroesophageal malignancy. British Journal of Cancer, 78 (4), 521-527. Abstract retrieved April 13, 2000 from MD Consult database.
Levine, E. A., Farmer, M. R., Clark, P., Ho, C., Geisinger, K. R.,Melin, S. A., et al. (2006) Predictive value of 18-fluoro-deoxy-glucose-positron emission tomography (18-FDG-PET) in the identification of responders to chemoradiation therapy for the treatment of locally advanced esophageal cancer. Annals of Surgery, 243 (4), 472-478. Retrieved March 2, 2007 from PubMed database.
Luketich, J. D., Friedman, D. M., Weigel, T. L., Meehan, M. A., Keenan, R. J., Townsend, D. W., et al. (1999). Evaluation of distant metastases in esophageal cancer: 100 consecutive positron emission tomography scans. Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 68 (4), 1133-1136. Abstract retrieved April 13, 2000 from MD Consult database.
Luketich, J. D., Schauer, P., Urso, K., Kassis, E., Ferson, P., Keenan, R., et al. (1998). Future directions in esophageal cancer. Chest, 113 (1), PS120-122.
McAteer, D., Wallis, F., Couper, G., Norton, M., Welch, A., Bruce, D., et al. (1999). Evaluation of 18F-FDG positron emission tomography in gastric and oesophageal carcinoma. British Journal of Radiology, 72 (858), 525-529. Abstract retrieved April 13, 2000 from MD Consult database.
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. (2007, July). NCCN clinical practice guidelines in Oncology™: Esophageal cancer. Retrieved September 29, 2007 from http://www.nccn.org. (138 articles and/or guidelines reviewed)
Ott, K., Weber, W., & Siewart, J. R. (2006). The importance of PET in the diagnosis and response evaluation of esophageal cancer. Diseases of the Esophagus, 19 (6), 433-442. Abstract retrieved April 18, 2007 from PubMed database.
Rankin, S. C., Taylor, H., Cook, G. L., & Mason, R. (1998). Computed tomography and positron emission tomography in the pre- operative staging of oesophageal carcinoma. Clinical Radiology, 53 (9), 659-665. Abstract retrieved April 13, 2000 from MD Consult database.
The Technology Evaluation Center. (2002, April). FDG positron emission tomography for evaluating esophageal cancer (Vol. 16 No.21). Washington, DC: BlueCross BlueShield Association.
Westererp, M., van Westreenen, H. L., Reitsma, J. B., Hoeskstra, O. S., Stoker, J., Fockens, P., et al. (2005). Esophageal cancer: CT, endoscopic US, and FDG PET for assessment of response to neoadjuvant therapy-systematic review. Radiology, 236 (3), 841-851. Retrieved March 2, 2007 from PubMed database.
Branstetter, B. F., Blodgett, T. M., Zimmer, L. A., Synderman, C. H., Johnson, J. T., Raman, S., et al. (2005). Head and neck malignancy: is PET/CT more accurate than PET or CT alone? Radiology, 10 (235), 580-586.
Chan, S. C., Yen, T. C. Ng, S. H., Lin, C. Y., Wang, H. M., Liao, C. T., et al. (2006). Differential roles of 18F-FDG PET in patients with locoregional advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma after primary curative therapy: response evaluation and impact on management. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 47 (9), 1447-1454. Abstract retrieved March 27, 2007 from PubMed database.
Collins, B. T., Gardner, L. J., Verma, A. K., Lowe, V. J., Dunpy, F. R., & Boyd, J. H. (1998). Correlation of fine needle aspiration biopsy and fluorine-18- fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the assessment of locally recurrent and metastatic head and neck neoplasia. Acta Cytologica, 42 (6), 1325-1329. Abstract retrieved March 29, 2000 from PubMed database.
Complete Guide to Medicare Coverage Issues [Computer Software}. (2007, July). FDG PET for head and neck cancers (NDC 220.6.7, p. 2-175). St. Anthony Publishing.
Kim, D. G., Kim, C. Y., Paek, S. H., Lee, D. S., Chung, J. K., Jung, H. W., et al. (1998). Whole body [18F] FDG PET in the management of metastatic brain tumors. Acta Neurochirurgica, 40 (7), 665-673. Abstract retrieved March 29, 2000 from PubMed database.
Lowe, V. J., Boyd, J. H., Dunphy, F. R., Kim, H., Dunleavy, T., Collins, B. T., et al. (2000). Surveillance for recurrent head and neck cancer using positron emission tomography. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 18 (3), 651-658.
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. (2007, April). NCCN clinical practice guidelines in Oncology™: Head and neck cancers. Retrieved September 29, 2007 from http://www.nccn.org. (121 articles and/or guidelines reviewed)
Schoder, H., Carlson, D. L., Kraus, D. H., Stambuk, H. E., Gonen, M., Erdi, Y. E., et al. (2006). 18F-FDG PET/CT for detecting nodal metastases in patients with oral cancer staged N0 by clinical examination and CT/MRI. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 47 (5), 755-762. Abstract retrieved March 27, 2007 from PubMed database
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KIDNEY CANCER
Bender, H., Schimburg, A., Albers, P., Ruhlman, J., & Biersack, H. J. (1997). Possible role of FDG-PET in the evaluation of urologic malignancies. Anticancer Research, 17 (3B), 1655-1660. Abstract retrieved April 13, 2000 from MD Consult database.
Goldberg, M. A., Mayo-Smith, W. W., Papanicolaou, N., Fischman, A. J., & Lee, M. J. (1997). FDG PET characterization of renal masses: Preliminary experience. Clinical Radiology, 52, 510-515. Abstract retrieved April 13, 2000 from MD Consult database.
Hofer, C., Kubler, H., Hartung, R., Bruel, J., & Avril, N. (2001). Diagnosis and monitoring of urological tumors using positron emission tomography. European Urology, 40 (5), 481-487. Abstract retrieved July 2, 2002 from PubMed database.
Hoh, C. K., Seltzer, M. A., Franklin, J., deKernion, J. B., Phelps, M.E., & Belldegrun, A. (1998). Positron emission tomography in urological oncology. Journal of Urology, 159 (2), 347-356. Abstract retrieved April 13, 2000 from MD Consult database.
Ramdave, S., Thomas, G. W., & Berlangieri, S. U. (2001). Clinical role of F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for detection and management of renal cell carcinoma. Journal of Urology, 166 (3), 825-830. Abstract retrieved July 2, 2002 from PubMed database.
Shulkin, B. L., Chang, E., Strouse, P.J., Bloom, D. A., & Hutchinson, R. J. (1997). PET FDG studies of Wilms tumors. Journal of Pediatric Hematology / Oncology, 19 (4), 334-338. Abstract retrieved April 13, 2000 from MD Consult database.
Shvarts, O., Han, K. R., Seltzer, M., Pantuck, A. J., & Belldegrun, A. S. (2002). Positron emission tomography in urologic oncology. Cancer Control, 9 (4), 335-342. Abstract retrieved April 13, 2000 from PubMed database.
Chen, Y. K., Hsieh, D. S., Liao, C. S., Bai, C. H., Shen, Y. Y., Hsieh, J. F., et al. (2005). Utility of FDG PET for investigating unexplained serum AFP elevation in patients with suspected hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence. Anticancer Research, 25 (6C), 4719-4725. Abstract retrieved April 18, 2007 from PubMed database.
Collins, B. T., Lowe, V. J., & Dunphy, F. R. (1999). Correlation of CT-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the liver with fluoride-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the assessment of metastatic hepatic abnormalities. Diagnostic Cytopathology, 21 (1), 39-42. Abstract retrieved April 13, 2000 from MD Consult database.
Delbeke, D., Martin, W. H., Sandler, M. P., Chapman, W. C., Wright, J. K., & Pinson, C. W. (1998). Evaluation of benign vs. malignant hepatic lesions with positron emission tomography. Archives of Surgery, 133 (5), 510-515. Abstract retrieved April 13, 2000 from MD Consult database.
Fong, Y., Saldinger, P. F., Akhurst, T., Macapinlac, H., Yeung, H., Finn, R. D., et al. (1999). Utility of 18F-FDG positron emission tomography scanning on selection of patients for resection of hepatic colorectal metastases. American Journal of Surgery, 178 (4), 282-287. Abstract retrieved April 13, 2000 from MD Consult database.
Frohlich, A., Deiderichs, C. G., Staib, L., Vogel, J., Beger, H. G., & Reske, S. N. (1999). Detection of liver metastases from pancreatic cancer using FDG PET. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 49 (2), 250-255. Abstract retrieved April 13, 2000 from MD Consult database.
Hatano, E., Ikai, I., Higashi, T., Teramukai, S., Torizuka, T., Saga, T., et al. (2006). Preoperative positron emission tomography with fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose is predictive of prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after resection. World Journal of Surgery, 30 (9), 1736-1741. Abstract retrieved April 18, 2007 from PubMed database.
Hayes. Medical Technology Directory. (2002, April). Positron emission tomography (PET) for liver cancer. Retrieved June 1, 2005 from http://www.hayesinc.com/subscribers. (138 articles and/or guidelines reviewed)
Hayes. Update Search. (2007, May). Positron emission tomography (PET) for liver cancer. Retrieved September 26, 2007 from http://www.hayesinc.com/subscribers. (46 articles and/or guidelines reviewed)
Mantaka, P., Strauss, A. D., Strauss, L. G., Moehler, M., Goldschmidt, H., Oberdorfer, F., et al. (1999). Detection of treated liver metastases using fluorine-18-fluordeoxyglucose (FDG) and positron emission tomography (PET). Anticancer Research, 19 (5C), 4443-4450. Abstract retrieved April 13, 2000 from MD Consult database.
Nakamoto, Y., Higashi, T., Sakahara, H., Tamaki, N., Kogire, M., Imamura, M., et al. (1999). Contribution of PET in the detection of liver metastases from pancreatic tumours. Clinical Radiology, 54 (4), 248-252. Abstract retrieved April 13, 2000 from MD Consult database.
Szyszko, T., Al-Nahhas, A., Canelo, R., Habib, N., Jiao, L., Wasan, H., et al. (2007). Assessment of response to treatment of unresectable liver tumors with 90Y microspheres: value of FDG PET versus computed tomography. Nuclear Medicine Communications, 28 (1), 15-20. Abstract retrieved April 18, 2007 from PubMed database.
Truant, S., Huglo, D., Hebbar, M., Ernst, O., Steinling, M., & Pruvot, F. R. (2005). Prospective evaluation of the impact of [18F] fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography of resectable colorectal liver metastases. British Journal of Surgery, 92 (3), 362-369. Abstract retrieved June 1, 2005 from PubMed database.
Wong, C. Y., Savin, M., Sherpa, K. M., Qing, F., Campbell, J., Gates, V. L., et al. (2006). Regional yttrium-90 microsphere treatment of surgically unresectable and chemotherapy-refractory metastatic liver carcinoma. Cancer Biotherapy & Radiopharmaceuticals, 21 (4), 305-313. Abstract retrieved April 18, 2007 from PubMed database.
Block, A. J., Ed. (2003). Diagnosis and management of lung cancer: ACCP evidence-based guidelines. Chest, Supplement, 123 (1), 1S-338S.
Complete Guide to Medicare Coverage Issues [Computer Software}. (2007, July). FDG PET for brain, cervical, ovarian, pancreatic, small cell lung, and testicular cancers (NDC 220.6.14, p. 2-178 to 2-179). St. Anthony Publishing.
Complete Guide to Medicare Coverage Issues [Computer Software}. (2007, July). FDG PET for lung cancer (NDC 220.6.2, p. 2-171 to 2-172). St. Anthony Publishing.
Erasmus, J. J., & Patz, E. F. (1999). Positron emission tomography imaging in the thorax. Clinics in Chest Medicine, 20 (4), 715-724.
Gould, M. K., Kushner, W. G., Rydzak, C. E., Maclean, C. C., Demas, A, N., Shigemitsu, H., et al. (2003). Test performance of positron emission tomography and computed tomography for mediastinal staging in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. Annals of Internal Medicine, 139 (11), 879-892
Hagge, R. J., Wong, T. Z., & Coleman, R. E. (2001). Positron emission tomography: Brain tumors and lung cancer. Radiologic Clinics of North America, 39 (5), 871-881. Abstract retrieved June 28, 2002 from PubMed database.
Hayes. Medical Technology Directory. (2002, August). Positron emission tomography (PET) for lung cancer. Retrieved October 4, 2007 from http://www.hayesinc.com/subscribers. (176 articles and/or guidelines reviewed)
Hayes. Update Search. (2007, July). Positron emission tomography (PET) for lung cancer. Retrieved September 26, 2007 from http://www.hayesinc.com/subscribers. (98 articles and/or guidelines reviewed)
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. (2007, April). NCCN clinical practice guidelines in Oncology™: Small cell lung cancer. Retrieved September 29, 2007 from http://www.nccn.org. (85 articles and/or guidelines reviewed)
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. (2007, September). NCCN clinical practice guidelines in Oncology™: Non-small cell lung cancer. Retrieved September 29, 2007 from http://www.nccn.org. (175 articles and/or guidelines reviewed)
National Guideline Clearinghouse. American Society of Clinical Oncology. (2003). American Society of clinical oncology treatment of unresectable non-small-cell lung cancer guideline. Retrieved April 18, 2007 from http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=4547&nbr=003361&string=FDG+AND+PET+AND+lung+AND=cancer.
Pfister, D. G., Johnson, D. H., Azzoli, C. G., Sause, W., Smith, T. J., Baker, S., et al. (2004). American Society of Clinical Oncology treatment of unresectable non-small-cell lung cancer guideline: Update 2003. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 22 (2), 330-353.
Ung, Y. C., Maziak, J. A., Vanderveen, C. A., Smith, K. G., Evans, W. K., et al. (2007). 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer: A clinical practice guideline. Program in evidence-based care, 7-20 (1), 1-4.
Van Tinteren, H., Hoekstra, O. S., Smit, E. F., van den Berhg, J.H., Schreurs, A. J., Stallaert, R. A., et al. (2002). Effectiveness of positron emission tomography in the preoperative assessment of patients with suspected non-small-cell lung cancer: The PLUS multicentre randomised trial. Lancet, 359 (9315), 1388-1393.
Viney, R. C., Boyer, M. J., King, M. T., Kenny, P. M., Pollicino, C. A., McLean, J. M., et al. (2004). Randomized controlled trial of the role of positron emission tomography in the management of stage II non-small-cell lung cancer and I. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 22 (12), 2357-2362.
Complete Guide to Medicare Coverage Issues [Computer software]. FDG PET for lymphoma (NDC 220.6.5, p. 2-173 to 2-174). St. Anthony Publishing.
ECRI Institute. Health Technology Assessment Information Service. Windows on Medical Technology. (2006, June). Positron emission tomography (PET) for diagnosis and staging of lymphoma. Retrieved April 19, 2007 from ECRI Institute.
ECRI Institute. Health Technology Assessment Information Service. Windows on Medical Technology. (2007, January). Positron emission tomography (PET) for monitoring response to treatment for lymphoma. Retrieved April 19, 2007 from ECRI Institute.
Jerusalem, G., Beguin, Y., Fassotte, M. F., Najjar, F., Paulus, P., Rigo, P., et al. (1999). Whole-body positron emission tomography using 18-(FDG) for posttreatment evaluation in Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma has higher diagnostic and prognostic value than classical computed tomography scan imaging. Blood, 4 (2), 429-433. Abstract retrieved March 28, 2000 from PubMed database.
Juweid, M. E., Stroobants, S., Hoekstra, O. S., Mottaghy, F. M., Dietlein, M., Guermazi, A., et al. (2007). Use of positron emission tomography for response assessment of lymphoma: Consensus of the imaging subcommittee of international harmonization project in lymphoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 25 (5), 571-578.
Moog, F., Kotzerke, J., & Reske, S. N. (1999). FDG PET can replace bone scintigraphy in primary staging of malignant lymphoma. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 40 (9), 1407-1413. Abstract retrieved February 27, 2001 from PubMed database.
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. (2007, April). NCCN clinical practice guidelines in Oncology™: Hodgkin’s disease/lymphoma. Retrieved September 29, 2007 from http://www.nccn.org. (21 articles and/or guidelines reviewed)
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. (2007, September). NCCN clinical practice guidelines in Oncology™: Non-Hodgkin disease/lymphomas. Retrieved September 29, 2007 from http://www.nccn.org. (103 articles and/or guidelines reviewed)
The Technology Evaluation Center. (2000, April). FDG positron emission tomography in lymphoma (Vol. 14 No.26). Washington, DC: BlueCross BlueShield Association.
Wiedmann, E., Baican, B., Hertel, A., Baum, R. P., Chow, K. U., Knupp, B., et al. (1999). Positron emission tomography (PET) for staging and evaluation of response in patients with Hodgkin's disease. Leukemia and Lymphoma, 34 (5-6), 545-551. Abstract retrieved February 27, 2001 from PubMed database.
Zinzani, P. L., Magagnoli, M., Chierichetti, F., Zompatori, M., Garraffa, G., Bendandi, M., et al. (1999). The role of positron emission tomography (PET) in the management of lymphoma patients. Annals of Oncology, 10 (10), 1181-1184. Abstract retrieved March 28, 2000 from PubMed database.
Acland, K. M., O'Doherty, M. J., & Russell-Jones, R. (2000). The value of positron emission tomography scanning in the detection of subclinical metastatic melanoma. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 42 (4), 606-611. Abstract retrieved March 29, 2000 from PubMed database.
Brady, M. S., Akhurst, T., Spanknebel, K., Hilton, S., Gonen, M., Patel, A., et al. (2006). Utility of preoperative [(18)]f fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography scanning in high-risk melanoma patients. Annals of Surgical Oncology, 13 (4), 444-446. Abstract retrieved April 19, 2007 from PubMed database.
Clark, P. B., Soo, V., Kraas, J., Shen, P., & Levine, E. A. (2006). Futility of fluorodeoxyglucose F 18 positron emission tomography in initial evaluation of patients with T2 to T4 melanoma. Archives of Surgery, 141 (3), 284-288. Abstract retrieved April 19, 2007 from PubMed database.
Complete Guide to Medicare Coverage Issues [Computer software]. FDG PET for melanoma (NDC 220.6.6, p. 2-174 to 2-175). St. Anthony Publishing.
Dietlein, M., Krug, B., Groth, W., Smolarz, K., Scheidhauer, K., Psaras, T., et al. (1999). Positron emission tomography using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose in advanced stages of melanoma: A comparison of ultrasonographic and radiological methods of diagnosis. Nuclear Medicine Communications, 20 (3), 255-261. Abstract retrieved March 29, 2000 from PubMed database.
Eigtved, A., Andersson, A. P., Dahlstrom, K., Rabol, A., Jenson, M., Holm, S., et al. (2000). Use of fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the detection of silent metastasis from malignant melanoma. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 27 (1), 70-75. Abstract retrieved March 29, 2000 from PubMed database.
Horn, J., Lock-Andersen, J., Sjostrand, H., & Loft, A. (2006). Routine use of FDG-PET scans in melanoma patients with positive sentinel node biopsy. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 33 (8), 887-892. Abstract retrieved April 19, 2007 from PubMed database.
Jadvar, H., Johnson, D. L., & Segall, G. M. (2000). The Effect offluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucosepositron emission tomography on the management of cutaneous malignant melanoma. Clinical Nuclear Medicine, 25 (1), 48- 51. Abstract retrieved March 29, 2000 from PubMed database.
Kumar, R., Mavi, A., Bural, G., & Alavi, A. (2005). Fluorodeoxyglucose-PET in the management of malignant melanoma. Radiologic Clinics of North America, 43 ((05), 23-33.
Lain, E. L., Orengo, I. F., & Rosen, T. (2005). Metastatic melanoma. Radiologic Images in Dermatology, 53 (8), 314-317.
Libberecht, K., Husasa, G., Peeters, T., Michiels, P., Gys, T., & Molderez, C. (2005). Initial staging of malignant melanoma by positron emission tomography and sentinel node biopsy. Acta Chirurgica Belgica, 105 (6), 621-625. Abstract retrieved April 19, 2007 from PubMed database.
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. (2007, February). NCCN clinical practice guidelines in Oncology™: Melanoma. Retrieved September 29, 2007 from http://www.nccn.org. (92 articles and/or guidelines reviewed)
Rinne, D., Baum, R. P., Hor, G., & Kaufmann, R. (1998). Primary staging and follow-up of high-risk melanoma patients with whole-body 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography: Results of a prospective study of 100 patients. Cancer, 82 (9), 1664-1671. Abstract retrieved March 28, 2000 from PubMed database.
The Technology Evaluation Center. FDG positron emission tomography in melanoma (Vol. 14 No.27). Washington, DC: BlueCross BlueShield Association.
Wagner, J. D., Schauwecker, D., Davidson, D., Coleman, J. J., Saxman, S., Hutchins, G., et al. (1999). Prospective study of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging of lymph node basins in melanoma patients undergoing sentinel node biopsy. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 17 (5), 1508-1515. Abstract retrieved March 28, 2000 from PubMed database.
Wagner, J. D., Schauwecker, D., Davidson, D., Logan, T., Coleman, J. J., Hutchins, G., et al. (2005). Inefficacy of F-18 fluorodeoxy-D-glucose-positron emission tomography scans for initial evaluation in early-stage cutaneous melanoma. Cancer, 104 (3), 570-579. Abstract retrieved April 19, 2007 from PubMed database.
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. (2007, April). NCCN clinical practice guidelines in Oncology™: Occult primary. Retrieved September 29, 2007 from http://www.nccn.org. (58 articles and/or guidelines reviewed)
The Technology Evaluation Center. (2002, October). FDG PET to manage patients with an occult primary carcinoma and metastasis outside the cervical lymph nodes. (Vol. 17, No. 14). Washington, DC: BlueCross BlueShield Association. (34 articles and/or guidelines reviewed)
OVARIAN CANCER
Bohdiewicz, P. J., Scott, G. C., Juni, J. E., Fink-Bennett, D., Wilner, F., Nagle, C., et al. (1995). Indium-III OncoScint CR / OV and F-18 FDG in colorectal and ovarian carcinoma recurrences: Early observations. Clinical Nuclear Medicine, 20 (3), 230-236. Abstract retrieved March 28, 2000 from PubMed database.
Complete Guide to Medicare Coverage Issues. [Computer software]. (2007, July). FDG PET for brain, cervical, ovarian, pancreatic, small cell lung, and testicular cancers (NCD 220.6.14, p. 2-178 - 2-179). St. Anthony Publishing.
ECRI Institute. Health Technology Information Service. International Health Technology Assessment. (2006, February). Management of adnexal mass. Retrieved April 24, 2007 from ECRI Institute.
Lapela, M., Leskinen-Kallio, S., Varpula, M., Gnman, S., Salmi, T., Alanen, K., et al. (1995). Metabolic imaging of ovarian tumors with carbon-11-methionine: A PET study. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 36 (12), 2196-2200. Abstract retrieved March 29, 2000 from PubMed database.
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. (2006, November). NCCN clinical practice guidelines in Oncology™: Ovarian cancer. Retrieved September 29, 2007 from http://www.nccn.org. (72 articles and/or guidelines reviewed)
National Guideline Clearinghouse. American College of Radiology. (2005). Staging and follow-up of ovarian cancer. Retrieved April 24, 2007 from http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?ss=15&doc_id=8611&nbr=004794&string=FDG+AND+PET+AND+ovarian+AND+cancer.
Yuan, C. C., Liu, R. S., Wang, P. H., Ng, H. T., & Yeh, S. H. (1999). Whole-body PET with (fluorine-18)-2-deoxyglucose for detecting ovarian carcinoma: Initial report. Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 44 (9), 775-778. Abstract retrieved March 29, 2000 from PubMed database.
Zimny, M., Schroder, W., Wolters, S., Cremerius, U., Rath, W., & Bull, U. (1997). [18-Fluorodeoxyglucose PET in ovarian carcinoma: Methodology and preliminary results. Nuklearmedizin, 36 (7), 228-233. Abstract retrieved March 9, 2000 from PubMed database.
Berberat, P., Friess, H., Kashiwagi, M., Beger, H. G., & Buchler, M. W. (1999). Diagnosis and staging of pancreatic cancer by positron emission tomography. World Journal of Surgery, 23 (9), 882-887. Abstract retrieved April 14, 2000 from MD Consult database.
Delbeke, D., Rose, D. M., Chapman, W. C., Pinson, C. W., Wright, J. K., et al. (1999). Optimal interpretation of FDG PET in the diagnosis, staging and management of pancreatic carcinoma. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 40 (11), 1784-1791. Abstract retrieved April 14, 2000 from MD Consult database.
Diederichs, C. G., Staib, L., Vogel, J., Gasbrenner, B., Glatting, G., Brams, H. J., et al. (2000). Values and limitations of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron-emission tomography with preoperative evaluation of patients with pancreatic masses. Pancreas, 20 (2), 109-116. Abstract retrieved April 13, 2000 from MD Consult database.
Franke, C., Klapdor, R., Meyerhoff, K., & Schauman, M. (1999). 18-FDG positron emission tomography of the pancreas: Diagnostic benefit in the follow-up of pancreatic carcinoma. Anticancer Research, 19 (4A), 2437-2442. Abstract retrieved April 13, 2000 from MD Consult database.
Nakamoto, Y., Higashi, T., Sakahara, H., Tamaki, N., Itoh, K., Imamura, M., et al. (2000). Evaluation of pancreatic islet cell tumors by fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography: Comparison with other modalities. Clinical Nuclear Medicine, 25 (2), 115-119. Abstract retrieved April 14, 2000 from MD Consult database.
Rose, D. M., Delbeke, D., Beauchamp, R.D., Chapman, W. C., Sandler, M. P. Sharp, K. W., et al. (1999). Scientific papers of the Southern Surgical Association. Annals of Surgery, 229 (5), 729-738.
The Technology Evaluation Center. (2000, April). FDG Positron Emission Tomography in Pancreatic Cancer (Vol. 14 No.28). Washington, DC: BlueCross BlueShield Association.
PARATHYROID CANCER
Neumann, D. R., Esselstyn, C. B., & Kim, E. Y. (1996). Recurrent postoperative parathyroid carcinoma: FDG-PET and sestamibi-SPECT findings. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 37 (12), 2000-2001. Abstract retrieved March 29, 2000 from PubMed database.
Neumann, D. R., Esselstyn, C. B., MacIntyre, W. J., Chen, E. Q., Go, T. T., & Licata, A. A. (1997). Regional body FDG-PET in postoperative recurrent hyperparathyroidism. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, 21 (1), 25-28. Abstract retrieved March 29, 2000 from PubMed database.
Sundin, A., Johansson, C., Hellman, P., Bergstrom, M., Ahlstrom, H., Jacobson, G. B., et al. (1996). PET and parathyroid L- [carbon-11] methionine accumulation in hyperparathyroidism. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 37 (11), 1766-1770. Abstract retrieved March 28, 2000 from PubMed database.
PROSTATE CANCER
Hara, T., Kosaka, N., & Kishi, H. (1998). PET Imaging of prostate cancer using cardon-11-choline. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 39 (6), 990-995. Abstract retrieved July 2, 2002 from PubMed database.
Heicappel, R., Muller-Mattheis, V., Reinhardt, M., Vosberg, H., Gerharz, C. D., Muller-Gartner, H., et al. (1999). Staging of pelvic lymph nodes in neoplasms of the bladder and prostate by positron emission tomography with 2-[(18) F]-2-deoxy-D-Glucose. European Urology, 36 (6), 582-587. Abstract retrieved March 30, 2000 from PubMed database.
Hofer, C., Laubenbacher, C., Block, T., Breul, J., Hartung, R., & Schwaiger, M. (1999). Fluorine 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography is useless for the detection of local recurrence after radical prostatectomy. European Urology, 36 (1), 31-35. Abstract retrieved March 30, 2000 from PubMed database.
Hoh, C. K., Seltzer, M. A., Franklin, J., deKernion, J. B., Phelps, M. E., & Belldegrun, A. (1998). Positron emission tomography in urological oncology. Journal of Urology, 159 (2), 347-356. Abstract retrieved March 23, 2000 from PubMed database.
Morris, M. J., Akhurse, T., Osman, I., Nunez, R., Macapinlac, H., Siedlecki, K., et al. (2000). Fluorinated deoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging in progressive metastatic prostate cancer. Urology, 59 (6), 913-918. Abstract retrieved July 2, 2002 from PubMed database.
Oyama, N., Akino, H., Suzuki, Y., Kanamaru, H., Sadato, N., Yonekura, V., et al. (1999). The increased accumulation of [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose in untreated prostate cancer. Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology, 29 (12), 623-629. Abstract retrieved March 30, 2000 from PubMed database.
Sanz, G., Robles, J. E., Giminez, M., Arocena, J., Sanchez, D., Rodriguez-Rubio, F., et al. (1999). Positron emission tomography with 18 fluorine-labeled deoxyglucose: Utility in localized and advanced prostate cancer. British Journal of Urology International, 84 (12), 1028-1031. Abstract retrieved March 23, 2000 from MD Consult database.
Seltzer, M. A., Barbaric, Z., Belldegrun, A., Naitoh, J., Dorey, F., Phelps, M. E., et al. (1999). Comparison of helical computerized tomography and monoclonal antibody scans for evaluation of lymph node metastasis in patients with prostate specific antigen relapse after treatment for localized prostate cancer. Journal of Urology, 62 (4), 1322-1328. Abstract retrieved March 30, 2000 from PubMed database.
SOFT TISSUE SARCOMA (including GIST)
American Cancer Society. (2007, May). Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). Retrieved September 12, 2007 from http://documents.cancer.org/6887.00/6887.00.pdf.
Complete Guide to Medicare Coverage Issues. [Computer software]. (2007, July). FDG PET for soft tissue sarcoma (NCD 220.6.12, p. 2-177). St. Anthony Publishing.
Debiec-Rychter, M., Sciot, R., Le Cesne, A., Schlemmer, M., Hohenberger, P. van OOsterom, A. T., et al. (2006). KITmutations and dose selection for imatinib in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stomal tumors. European Journal of Cancer, 42 (8), 1093-1103. Abstract retrieved September 12, 2007 from PubMed database.
ECRI Institute. Health Information Service. Health Technology Forecast. (2007). Overview: cancer services. Retrieved September 12, 2007 from ECRI Institute.
ECRI Institute. Health Information Service. Health Technology Forecast. (2007). Overview: gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Retrieved September 12, 2007 from ECRI Institute.
Hayes. Medical Technology Directory. (2002, January). Positron emission tomography (PET) for soft-tissue sarcoma. Retrieved October 4, 2007 from http://www.hayesinc.com/subscribers. (112 articles and/or guidelines reviewed)
Hayes. Medical Technology Update Search. (2007, March). Positron emission tomography (PET) for soft-tissue sarcoma. Retrieved September 26, 2007 from http://www.hayesinc.com/subscribers. (25 articles and/or guidelines reviewed)
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. (2007, September). NCCN clinical practice guidelines in Oncology™: Soft tissue sarcoma. Retrieved September 29, 2007 from http://www.nccn.org. (141 articles and/or guidelines reviewed)
Albers, P., Bender, H., Yilmaz, H., Schoeneich, G., Biersack, H. J., & Mueller, S. C. (1999). Positron emission tomography in the clinical staging of patients with stage I and II testicular germ cell tumors. Urology, 53 (4), 808-811. Abstract retrieved March 30, 2000 from PubMed database.
Complete Guide to Medicare Coverage Issues. [Computer software]. (2007, July). FDG PET for brain, cervical, ovarian, pancreatic, small cell lung, and testicular cancers (NCD 220.6.14, p. 2-178 - 2-179). St. Anthony Publishing.
Cremarius, U., Effert, P. J., Adam, G., Sabri, O., Zimmy, M., Wagenknecht, G., et al. (1998). FDG PET for detection and therapy control of metastatic germ cell tumor. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 39 (5), 815-822. Abstract retrieved March 30, 2000 from PubMed database.
Cremarius, U., Wildberger, J. E., Borchers, H., Ziny, M., Jakse, G., Gunther, R. W., et al. (1999). Does positron emission tomography using 18-fluoro-2- deoxyglucose improve clinical staging of testicular cancer? --Results of a study in 50 patients. Urology, 54 (5), 900-904. Abstract retrieved March 30, 2000 from PubMed database.
Ganjoo, K. N., Chan, R. J., Sharma, M., & Einhorn, L. H. (1999). Positron emission tomography scans in the evaluation of postchemotherapy residual masses in patients with seminoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 17 (11), 3457-3460. Abstract retrieved March 30, 2000 from PubMed database.
Hayes. Medical Technology Directory. (2001, October). Positron emission tomography (PET) for testicular cancer. Retrieved June 2, 2005 from http://www.Hayesinc.com/subscribers. (89 articles and/or guidelines reviewed)
Hayes. Medical Technology Update Search. (2006, September). Positron emission tomography (PET) for testicular cancer. Retrieved September 26, 2007 from http://www.Hayesinc.com/subscribers. (89 articles and/or guidelines reviewed)
Hoh, C. K., Seltzer, M. A., Franklin, J., deKernion, J. B., Phelps, M. E., & Belldegrun, A. (1998). Positron emission tomography in urological oncology. Journal of Urology, 159 (2), 347-356. Abstract retrieved March 23, 2000 from MD Consult database. (102 articles and/or guidelines reviewed)
Muller-Mattheis, V., Reinhardt, M., Gerharz, C. D., Furst, G., Bosberg, H., Muller-Gartner, H. W., et al. (1998). Positron emission tomography with [18-F] fluoro-2-deoxy-D- glucose (18 FDG PET) in diagnosis of retroperitoneal lymph node metastasis of testicular tumors. Urologe Ausgabe A, 37 (6), 609-620. Abstract retrieved March 30, 2000 from PubMed database.
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. (2007, September). NCCN clinical practice guidelines in Oncology™: Testicular cancer. Retrieved September 29, 2007 from http://www.nccn.org. (33 articles and/or guidelines reviewed)
Chung, J. K., So, Y., Lee, J. S., Choi, C. W., Lim, S. M., Lee, D. S., et al. (1999). Value of FDG PET in papillary thyroid carcinoma with negative 131I whole-body scan. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 40 (6), 986-992. Abstract retrieved February 4, 2000 from PubMed database.
Complete Guide to Medicare Coverage Issues. [Computer software]. (2007, July). FDG PET for thyroid cancer (NCD 220.6.11, p. 2-176 - 2-177). St. Anthony Publishing.
Conti, P. S., Durski, J. M., Bacqai, F., Grafton, S. T., & Singer, P. A. (1999). Imaging of locally recurrent and metastatic thyroid cancer with positron emission tomography. Thyroid, 9 (8), 797-804. Abstract retrieved April 18, 2000 from MD Consult database.
Grunwald, F., Kalicke, T., Feine, U., Lietzenmayer, R., Scheidhauer, K., Dietlein, M., et al. (1999). Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in thyroid cancer: Results of a multicentre study. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 26 (12), 1547-1552. Abstract retrieved April 18, 2000 from MD Consult database.
Hayes. Medical Technology Directory. (2003, March). Positron emission tomography (PET) for thyroid cancer. Retrieved June 2, 2005 from http://www.Hayesinc.com/subscribers. (123 articles and/or guidelines reviewed)
Hayes. Medical Technology Update Search. (2007, January). Positron emission tomography (PET) for thyroid cancer. Retrieved June 2, 2005 from http://www.Hayesinc.com/subscribers. (55 articles and/or guidelines reviewed)
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. (2007, April). NCCN clinical practice guidelines in Oncology™: Thyroid cancer. Retrieved September 29, 2007 from http://www.nccn.org. (199 articles and/or guidelines reviewed)
Stokkel, M. P., de Klerk, J. H., Zelissen, P. M., Koppeschaar, H. P., & van Rijk, P. P. (1999). Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose dual-head positron emission tomography in the detection of recurrent differentiated thyroid cancer: Preliminary results. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 26 (12), 1606-1609. Abstract retrieved April 18, 2000 from MD Consult database.
Wang, W., Larson, S. M., Fazzari, M., Tickoo, S. K., Kolbert, K., Sgouros, G., et al. (2000). Prognostic value of [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomographic scanning in patients with thyroid cancer. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 85 (3), 1107-1113. Abstract retrieved March 30, 2000 from PubMed database.
ORIGINAL EFFECTIVE DATE: 9/1/2000
MOST RECENT REVIEW DATE: 3/14/2008
ID_BT
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